Scientists have conducted groundbreaking research on the prevalence and genetic diversity of the lung nematode Eucoleus aerophilus in red foxes across Central Europe (Poland). This parasite, which can also infect humans, has been found to be highly prevalent in the region, with the study identifying 22 distinct genetic haplotypes of E. aerophilus. The researchers also discovered the presence of another related nematode, Eucoleus boehmi, in the red fox population. These findings provide valuable insights into the epidemiology and potential zoonotic risks associated with these parasitic infections.
Uncovering the Prevalence of a Deadly Lung Parasite
The study, conducted by researchers from the National Veterinary Research Institute in Poland, focused on evaluating the prevalence of Eucoleus aerophilus, a parasitic nematode that primarily infects the respiratory system of wild and domestic carnivores. This parasite can also occasionally infect humans, causing a condition known as pulmonary capillariosis, which can lead to severe respiratory distress.
The researchers analyzed 342 stool samples collected from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) across three different regions of Poland: Podkarpackie Province, Śląskie Province, and Warmińsko-Mazurskie Province. Using a molecular technique called seminested PCR, they were able to detect the presence of E. aerophilus DNA in a staggering 67.3% of the samples.
Genetic Diversity Unveiled
The study didn’t stop there. The researchers delved deeper into the genetic diversity of E. aerophilus by analyzing the partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. This analysis revealed an impressive 22 distinct haplotypes, or genetic variants, of the parasite, which were designated as EaPL1 through EaPL22.
The most prevalent haplotype, EaPL1, was found in over 73% of the positive samples and was identical to a strain previously reported in dogs and cats in Italy. Interestingly, the researchers also discovered the presence of another nematode, Eucoleus boehmi, in 4.1% of the samples, further highlighting the complex parasitic landscape in the region.
Implications for Animal and Human Health
The high prevalence of E. aerophilus in the red fox population is a significant finding, as these animals are considered the primary reservoir and transmitter of the parasite. The genetic diversity uncovered in this study suggests that the parasite may have adapted to different geographical regions and host species, potentially increasing the risk of transmission to domestic animals, such as dogs and cats, as well as to humans.
The researchers emphasize that the clinical symptoms of pulmonary capillariosis in humans are often non-specific, and infections may be underdiagnosed or underreported. This highlights the importance of increased awareness and surveillance among healthcare providers to better understand the true prevalence and impact of this zoonotic parasite.
A Call for Continued Vigilance
The study’s findings underscore the need for ongoing monitoring and research on the distribution and genetic diversity of E. aerophilus and related parasites in both wild and domestic animal populations. This knowledge can inform public health strategies, aid in the development of more effective diagnostic tools, and ultimately contribute to the prevention and control of these potentially devastating parasitic infections.
As the red fox population continues to expand and encroach on human habitats, the risk of transmission to companion animals and humans increases. By shedding light on the prevalence and genetic makeup of these parasites, this research paves the way for a better understanding of the epidemiology and potential zoonotic threats posed by E. aerophilus and related nematodes.
Author credit: This article is based on research by Małgorzata Samorek-Pieróg, Tomasz Cencek, Ewa Bilska-Zając, Weronika Korpysa-Dzirba, Aneta Bełcik, Jacek Sroka, Anna Lass, Adam Brzana, Jacek Karamon.
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